Environmental protection Essay

Environmental protection has become a major concern for society. Admittedly, with the rapid development of economy, our environment is faced with new challenges. People increasingly attach importance to the protection. So it has been common that teachers and students discuss environmental protection in class. City planners take environmental problems into consideration as well. Factories are no exception. They begin to try reducing pollution to meet the needs of environmental protection instead of the short-term interest. The main reasons are listed as follows: firstly, the serious air and water pollution affects everyone. In addition, only by making joint efforts to protect our environment can cities survive. Last but not least, businesses to make a profit pay more attention to environmental protection for their interest in the long run. From the picture above, we can see even the communication between parents and son rely on the Internet. With the rapid development of advanced science and technology, people increasingly make full use of the Internet to communicate with each other instead of face-to-face contact. As far as I am concerned, electronic communication only partly replace face-to-face contact. Admittedly, the Internet’s being put into use widely is the inevitable result of social development. It is indispensable to our daily communication. In addition, there is no denying that the electronic communication does save plenty of time for us, we can communicate easily beyond the limit of time and place. But every cion has its two sides. People are meeting increasingly on the Internet, on television screens. Undoubtedly, it is not beneficial to the deepen the emotions and between people. We cannot express our feelings fully without face-to-face contact as well. Some body language like a hug of comfort or a kiss of love will never be express through the electronic communication. Therefore, though the electronic communication bring convenience to us, to some degree, electronic communication can never replace face-to-face contact. My View on Traffic Accidents In recent years, plenty of news about people injured or killed by cars on roads can be heard , which shows us that traffic accidents have been risen. But why are there so many such terrible events? As far as I am concerned, to begin with, it is the result of more cars are running on the roads with the development of economy. Increasing accidents follow the increasing cars. In addition, there is no denying that the road conditions sometimes can’t meet  the requirement of cars. But I think the most important one point is the lack of the safety awareness. And when being drunk, most people insist driving .As we all know, quite a lot of traffic accidents are due to the drivers who drive cars after drinking. Drunk drivers’ mind is vague, and they can’t control themselves and the car well, so they can easily get into trouble out of consciousness.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 105

CHAPTER 105 Night had fallen over Rosslyn. Robert Langdon stood alone on the porch of the fieldstone house enjoying the sounds of laughter and reunion drifting through the screened door behind him. The mug of potent Brazilian coffee in his hand had granted him a hazy reprieve from his mounting exhaustion, and yet he sensed the reprieve would be fleeting. The fatigue in his body went to the core. â€Å"You slipped out quietly,† a voice behind him said. He turned. Sophie's grandmother emerged, her silver hair shimmering in the night. Her name, for the last twenty-eight years at least, was Marie Chauvel. Langdon gave a tired smile. â€Å"I thought I'd give your family some time together.† Through the window, he could see Sophie talking with her brother. Marie came over and stood beside him. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, when I first heard of Jacques's murder, I was terrified for Sophie's safety. Seeing her standing in my doorway tonight was the greatest relief of my life. I cannot thank you enough.† Langdon had no idea how to respond. Although he had offered to give Sophie and her grandmother time to talk in private, Marie had asked him to stay and listen. My husband obviously trusted you, Mr.Langdon, so I do as well. And so Langdon had remained, standing beside Sophie and listening in mute astonishment while Marie told the story of Sophie's late parents. Incredibly, both had been from Merovingian families – direct descendants of Mary Magdalene and Jesus Christ. Sophie's parents and ancestors, for protection, had changed their family names of Plantard and Saint-Clair. Their children represented the most direct surviving royal bloodline and therefore were carefully guarded by the Priory. When Sophie's parents were killed in a car accident whose cause could not be determined, the Priory feared the identity of the royal line had been discovered. â€Å"Your grandfather and I,† Marie had explained in a voice choked with pain, â€Å"had to make a grave decision the instant we received the phone call. Your parents' car had just been found in the river.† She dabbed at the tears in her eyes. â€Å"All six of us – including you two grandchildren – were supposed to be traveling together in that car that very night. Fortunately we changed our plans at the last moment, and your parents were alone. Hearing of the accident, Jacques and I had no way to know what had really happened†¦ or if this was truly an accident.† Marie looked at Sophie. â€Å"We knew we had to protect our grandchildren, and we did what we thought was best. Jacques reported to the police that your brother and I had been in the car†¦ our two bodies apparently washed off in the current. Then your brother and I went underground with the Priory. Jacques, being a man of prominence, did not have the luxury of disappearing. It o nly made sense that Sophie, being the eldest, would stay in Paris to be taught and raised by Jacques, close to the heart and protection of the Priory.† Her voice fell to a whisper. â€Å"Separating the family was the hardest thing we ever had to do. Jacques and I saw each other only very infrequently, and always in the most secret of settings†¦ under the protection of the Priory. There are certain ceremonies to which the brotherhood always stays faithful.† Langdon had sensed the story went far deeper, but he also sensed it was not for him to hear. So he had stepped outside. Now, gazing up at the spires of Rosslyn, Langdon could not escape the hollow gnaw of Rosslyn's unsolved mystery. Is the Grail really here at Rosslyn? And if so, where are theblade and chalice that Sauniere mentioned in his poem?† I'll take that,† Marie said, motioning to Langdon's hand. â€Å"Oh, thank you.† Langdon held out his empty coffee cup. She stared at him. â€Å"I was referring to your other hand, Mr. Langdon.† Langdon looked down and realized he was holding Sauniere's papyrus. He had taken it from the cryptex once again in hopes of seeing something he had missed earlier. â€Å"Of course, I'm sorry.† Marie looked amused as she took the paper. â€Å"I know of a man at a bank in Paris who is probably very eager to see the return of this rosewood box. Andre Vernet was a dear friend of Jacques, and Jacques trusted him explicitly. Andre would have done anything to honor Jacques's requests for the care of this box.† Including shooting me, Langdon recalled, deciding not to mention that he had probably broken the poor man's nose. Thinking of Paris, Langdon flashed on the three senechaux who had been killed the night before. â€Å"And the Priory? What happens now?† â€Å"The wheels are already in motion, Mr. Langdon. The brotherhood has endured for centuries, and it will endure this. There are always those waiting to move up and rebuild.† All evening Langdon had suspected that Sophie's grandmother was closely tied to the operations of the Priory. After all, the Priory had always had women members. Four Grand Masters had been women. The senechaux were traditionally men – the guardians – and yet women held far more honored status within the Priory and could ascend to the highest post from virtually any rank. Langdon thought of Leigh Teabing and Westminster Abbey. It seemed a lifetime ago. â€Å"Was the Church pressuring your husband not to release the Sangreal documents at the End of Days?† â€Å"Heavens no. The End of Days is a legend of paranoid minds. There is nothing in the Priory doctrine that identifies a date at which the Grail should be unveiled. In fact the Priory has always maintained that the Grail should never be unveiled.† â€Å"Never?† Langdon was stunned. â€Å"It is the mystery and wonderment that serve our souls, not the Grail itself. The beauty of the Grail lies in her ethereal nature.† Marie Chauvel gazed up at Rosslyn now. â€Å"For some, the Grail is a chalice that will bring them everlasting life. For others, it is the quest for lost documents and secret history. And for most, I suspect the Holy Grail is simply a grand idea†¦ a glorious unattainable treasure that somehow, even in today's world of chaos, inspires us.† â€Å"But if the Sangreal documents remain hidden, the story of Mary Magdalene will be lost forever,† Langdon said. â€Å"Will it? Look around you. Her story is being told in art, music, and books. More so every day. The pendulum is swinging. We are starting to sense the dangers of our history†¦ and of our destructive paths. We are beginning to sense the need to restore the sacred feminine.† She paused. â€Å"You mentioned you are writing a manuscript about the symbols of the sacred feminine, are you not?† â€Å"I am.† She smiled. â€Å"Finish it, Mr. Langdon. Sing her song. The world needs modern troubadours.† Langdon fell silent, feeling the weight of her message upon him. Across the open spaces, a new moon was rising above the tree line. Turning his eyes toward Rosslyn, Langdon felt a boyish craving to know her secrets. Don't ask, he told himself. This is not the moment.He glanced at the papyrus in Marie's hand, and then back at Rosslyn. â€Å"Ask the question, Mr. Langdon,† Marie said, looking amused. â€Å"You have earned the right.† Langdon felt himself flush.† You want to know if the Grail is here at Rosslyn.† â€Å"Can you tell me?† She sighed in mock exasperation. â€Å"Why is it that men simply cannot let the Grail rest?† She laughed, obviously enjoying herself. â€Å"Why do you think it's here?† Langdon motioned to the papyrus in her hand. â€Å"Your husband's poem speaks specifically of Rosslyn, except it also mentions a blade and chalice watching over the Grail. I didn't see any symbols of the blade and chalice up there.† â€Å"The blade and chalice?† Marie asked. â€Å"What exactly do they look like?† Langdon sensed she was toying with him, but he played along, quickly describing the symbols. A look of vague recollection crossed her face. â€Å"Ah, yes, of course. The blade represents all that is masculine. I believe it is drawn like this, no?† Using her index finger, she traced a shape on herpalm. â€Å"Yes,† Langdon said. Marie had drawn the less common† closed† form of the blade, although Langdon had seen the symbol portrayed both ways. â€Å"And the inverse,† she said, drawing again on her palm,† is the chalice, which represents the feminine.† â€Å"Correct,† Langdon said. â€Å"And you are saying that in all the hundreds of symbols we have here in Rosslyn Chapel, these two shapes appear nowhere?† â€Å"I didn't see them.† â€Å"And if I show them to you, will you get some sleep?† Before Langdon could answer, Marie Chauvel had stepped off the porch and was heading toward the chapel. Langdon hurried after her. Entering the ancient building, Marie turned on the lights and pointed to the center of the sanctuary floor. â€Å"There you are, Mr. Langdon. The blade and chalice.† Langdon stared at the scuffed stone floor. It was blank. â€Å"There's nothing here†¦ .† Marie sighed and began to walk along the famous path worn into the chapel floor, the same path Langdon had seen the visitors walking earlier this evening. As his eyes adjusted to see the giant symbol, he still felt lost. â€Å"But that's the Star of Dav – † Langdon stopped short, mute with amazement as it dawned on him. The blade and chalice. Fused as one. The Star of David†¦ the perfect union of male and female†¦ Solomon's Seal†¦ marking the Holy of Holies, where the male and female deities – Yahweh and Shekinah – were thought to dwell. Langdon needed a minute to find his words. â€Å"The verse does point here to Rosslyn. Completely. Perfectly.† Marie smiled. â€Å"Apparently.† The implications chilled him. â€Å"So the Holy Grail is in the vault beneath us?† She laughed. â€Å"Only in spirit. One of the Priory's most ancient charges was one day to return the Grail to her homeland of France where she could rest for eternity. For centuries, she was dragged across the countryside to keep her safe. Most undignified. Jacques's charge when he became Grand Master was to restore her honor by returning her to France and building her a resting place fit for a queen.† â€Å"And he succeeded?† Now her face grew serious. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, considering what you've done for me tonight, and as curator of the Rosslyn Trust, I can tell you for certain that the Grail is no longer here.† Langdon decided to press. â€Å"But the keystone is supposed to point to the place where the Holy Grail is hidden now.Why does it point to Rosslyn?† â€Å"Maybe you're misreading its meaning. Remember, the Grail can be deceptive. As could my late husband.† â€Å"But how much clearer could he be?† he asked. â€Å"We are standing over an underground vault marked by the blade and chalice, underneath a ceiling of stars, surrounded by the art of Master Masons. Everything speaks of Rosslyn.† â€Å"Very well, let me see this mysterious verse.† She unrolled the papyrus and read the poem aloud in a deliberate tone. The Holy Grail ‘neath ancient Roslin waits. The blade and chalice guarding o'er Her gates. Adorned in masters' loving art, She lies. She rests at last beneath the starry skies. When she finished, she was still for several seconds, until a knowing smile crossed her lips. â€Å"Aah, Jacques.† Langdon watched her expectantly. â€Å"You understand this?† â€Å"As you have witnessed on the chapel floor, Mr. Langdon, there are many ways to see simple things.† Langdon strained to understand. Everything about Jacques Sauniere seemed to have double meanings, and yet Langdon could see no further. Marie gave a tired yawn. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, I will make a confession to you. I have never officially been privy to the present location of the Grail. But, of course, I was married to a person of enormous influence†¦ and my women's intuition is strong.† Langdon started to speak but Marie continued. â€Å"I am sorry that after all your hard work, you will be leaving Rosslyn without any real answers. And yet, something tells me you will eventually find what you seek. One day it will dawn on you.† She smiled. â€Å"And when it does, I trust that you, of all people, can keep a secret.† There was a sound of someone arriving in the doorway. â€Å"Both of you disappeared,† Sophie said, entering. â€Å"I was just leaving,† her grandmother replied, walking over to Sophie at the door. â€Å"Good night, princess.† She kissed Sophie's forehead. â€Å"Don't keep Mr. Langdon out too late.† Langdon and Sophie watched her grandmother walk back toward the fieldstone house. When Sophie turned to him, her eyes were awash in deep emotion. â€Å"Not exactly the ending I expected.† That makes two of us, he thought. Langdon could see she was overwhelmed. The news she had received tonight had changed everything in her life. â€Å"Are you okay? It's a lot to take in.† She smiled quietly. â€Å"I have a family. That's where I'm going to start. Who we are and where we came from will take some time.† Langdon remained silent. â€Å"Beyond tonight, will you stay with us?† Sophie asked. â€Å"At least for a few days?† Langdon sighed, wanting nothing more. â€Å"You need some time here with your family, Sophie. I'm going back to Paris in the morning.† She looked disappointed but seemed to know it was the right thing to do. Neither of them spoke for a long time. Finally Sophie reached over and, taking his hand, led him out of the chapel. They walked to a small rise on the bluff. From here, the Scottish countryside spread out before them, suffused in a pale moonlight that sifted through the departing clouds. They stood in silence, holding hands, both of them fighting the descending shroud of exhaustion. The stars were just now appearing, but to the east, a single point of light glowed brighter than any other. Langdon smiled when he saw it. It was Venus. The ancient Goddess shining down with her steady and patient light. The night was growing cooler, a crisp breeze rolling up from the lowlands. After a while, Langdon looked over at Sophie. Her eyes were closed, her lips relaxed in a contented smile. Langdon could feel his own eyes growing heavy. Reluctantly, he squeezed her hand. â€Å"Sophie?† Slowly, she opened her eyes and turned to him. Her face was beautiful in the moonlight. She gave him a sleepy smile. â€Å"Hi.† Langdon felt an unexpected sadness to realize he would be returning to Paris without her. â€Å"I maybe gone before you wake up.† He paused, a knot growing in his throat. â€Å"I'm sorry, I'm not very good at – â€Å" Sophie reached out and placed her soft hand on the side of his face. Then, leaning forward, she kissed him tenderly on the cheek. â€Å"When can I see you again?† Langdon reeled momentarily, lost in her eyes. â€Å"When?† He paused, curious if she had any idea how much he had been wondering the same thing. â€Å"Well, actually, next month I'm lecturing at a conference in Florence. I'll be there a week without much to do.† â€Å"Is that an invitation?† â€Å"We'd be living in luxury. They're giving me a room at the Brunelleschi.† Sophie smiled playfully. â€Å"You presume a lot, Mr. Langdon.† He cringed at how it had sounded. â€Å"What I meant – â€Å" â€Å"I would love nothing more than to meet you in Florence, Robert. But on one condition.† Her tone turned serious. â€Å"No museums, no churches, no tombs, no art, no relics.† â€Å"In Florence? For a week? There's nothing else to do.† Sophie leaned forward and kissed him again, now on the lips. Their bodies came together, softly at first, and then completely. When she pulled away, her eyes were full of promise. â€Å"Right,† Langdon managed. â€Å"It's a date.†

Canadian Blood Services IMC Essay Example for Free

Canadian Blood Services IMC Essay â€Å"Oscar Wilde once said that youth is wasted on the young. But investing in the future, the leaders of tomorrow, is more than just good business sense – it’s a necessity for survival and success† – Dr. Graham Sher, CEO of Canadian Blood Services (Pulse Magazine, 2012). Canadian Blood Services is a not-for-profit organization that operates across Canada, excluding Quebec. The objective of Canadian Blood Services is to encourage and receive blood donations through safe and secure methods to help Canadians who need blood transfusions (Canadian Blood Services, 2013). There is an increasing need for blood and blood donations across Canada. Of the current Canadian population, â€Å"the baby boomer generation remains the most loyal in terms of donating blood, while younger generations are significantly less likely to donate on a frequent basis† (Renwick-Shields, 2013). As the baby boomers age, Canadian Blood Services must find new ways to reach the younger generations, including the fastest growing segment, the Millennials. How can Canadian Blood Services increase the number of BC Millennial whole blood donors by 20,000 by March 31, 2015? The target number of donors is based on the previous years’ statistics of Millennial donations (age 17-34), according the Canadian Blood Services data provided (Bird, 2014a). The target number is a percentage of half the total Millennial population of BC in 2012, as typically only half the population is eligible to donate (Renwick-Shields, 2013). The problem statement is specific to BC as a test market. The timeline is based on Canadian Blood Services’ fiscal year, beginning April 1, 2014 and ending March 31, 2015. According to Canadian Blood Services, on average, every 60 seconds, someone in Canada requires blood or a blood product (2013). The demand for blood is not subsiding, increasing at a steady rate of 2% per year (Canadian Blood Services, 2013). To be an eligible donor, volunteers must meet many stringent requirements, including a minimum age of 17, sufficient levels of iron and hemoglobin in blood, and disclosure of health and travel history. Canadian Blood Services IMC. (2016, May 01).

LED520 Cross-Cultural Communication and Leadership Assignment - 1

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Critical of an article (SPSS) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Critical of an article (SPSS) - Assignment Example The study attempted to measure the effects of two independent variables - the subjects' performance standard, and the standard of the class – on the type of comparison made by the subjects towards particular and generic others. It was hypothesised that: 1. Across all classes, students would show a preference for comparing upwards with a particular other. 2. Subjects in the threat condition would make a downward comparison to a particular other. 3. Across all classes, students would make a downward comparison to a generic other. 4. Students in the threat condition were less likely to make a downward comparison to a generic other. Thus, the effects and interactions of the two independent variables were observed on two dependent variables. The first independent variable – the subjects' performance standard – had two levels for the study – high and low. The second independent variable was the performance standard of the class; also divided into two levels â₠¬â€œ high and low. Thus, four experimental groups were formed: i. Student with high performance in high performance group. (Uniform) ii. Student with high performance in low performance group. (Advantage) iii. Student with low performance in low performance group. (Uniform) iv. ... A variety of statistical procedures were carried out in order to test the hypotheses put forth. The study used Two Way ANOVA's, student's t – tests, correlations and the chi square test. Initially, all the sets of scores for the particular comparison other were inter-correlated, and since the correlations were quite high, one comparative index was created for all these scores. The Cronbach's Alpha, - an estimate of reliability, showed that the index would have a high reliability, and could be used without too many concerns. A similar index was also computed for the scores on comparison with a generic other. The Chronbach's Alpha was very high for this index as well. Such systematic evaluations of reliability are important since the data was collected in rating form on a set of dimensions for each dependent variable. Under such circumstances, the consistency and generalisability of the data is best evaluated through reliability testing. Next, for the actual testing of the hypot heses, two ANOVA's were computed. Each was a 2 by 2 ANOVA, and the interaction effects were analysed in order to test the hypotheses. Although none of the hypotheses predicted any main effect differences; in order for the hypotheses to be truly verified, one would see significant main effects as well as the interaction effects. The first 2 by 2 ANOVA was conducted on data about comparison to a particular other. This analysis went towards responding to the first and second hypotheses. The statistical analysis showed that the main effects for both variables were significant; but the one for standard of class (p < 0.001) was much stronger than the one for the standard of subject's performance (p

Comment on John R. Clarke's analysis of THE GOLEM observe and describe Essay

Comment on John R. Clarke's analysis of THE GOLEM observe and describe the film carefully and critically examine Clarke's argument - Essay Example He also points out that through the acting and expressionist nature of the film, the producers were not aiming at realism. This paper will critically examine and comment on John Clarke’s analysis if The Golem. Clarke observes that two stories are intertwined through each other around halfway through the film. While Loew is at the palace after being summoned by Luhois (the Roman Emperor), Florian (a knight) is secretly courting Miriam (Loew’s daughter) (Clarke 1974, 117). Through this observation, Clarke basically communicates suspense, creating the notion that the two events cannot end well. However, analysing the two stories critically, one realises that Clarke does not dwell on the aspect of comparison, especially between that of the Jews of Prague and Christians, which seemed to be the focus of the producers. It is also significant to note that no stereotypes were imposed on either party by the producers, who opted to concentrate on individual characters and use group characterization to highlight the film’s themes. They dress all the Jews in black, and they seem to be bending under age, portraying a religion sinking into oblivion. In contrast, the Christians, dressed in bright colours, appear new and shiny. From this perspective, Clarke can be seen to be branding the film as an anti-Semitic one. However, he can be criticised on this view because the film seems to be created on a theme of tolerance, studying the Jew-Christian relationship in Prague. Rather than being perceived as anti-Semitic, the film can be considered as an open-ended staging of the struggles between Judaism and Christianity. However, Clarke seems to be bent on the idea that the producers were attracted by Romanticism. It may be concluded that The Golem actually dwells on realism, using comparisons to bring out the depth of two different cultures. In particular, the Star of

Evaluating Markets to Invest Abroad Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluating Markets to Invest Abroad - Case Study Example Firstly, Victoria Pernarella will consider the process of internationalization. In this, she evaluates three aspects. First is whether BFSI possesses owner-specific competitive advantage in Tennessee which can be transferred to the potential foreign market based on. This advantage needs to be firm-specific, powerful and transferable. She also identifies location-specific advantage to determine whether the foreign market has traits that can allow the entrant to exploit its competitive market in the potential market. This focus is on costs- productive labor, unique raw materials, centers of advanced technology, formation of custom unions and regional trading blocs (Gitman, Joehnk & Billingsley, 2011). She evaluates the ability to safeguard competition by control of the complete value chain in the industry which is internalization. This is done through foreign direct investment. Secondly, she considers the model of entry which should be based on the needs of the business clients. Another key factor is the availability of adequate resources by BFSI as well as the projected volume of international business. Other key considerations relate to knowledge and experience on foreign markets, structure of BFSI, tax considerations, customer profiles and current regulation of market in the target nation. The organizational culture determines the objectives of the firms and the behaviors that need to be set in correspondence to the existing cultures. The experience with foreign markets is an added advantage which helps to determine the relevance and reliability of this market (Gitman, Joehnk & Billingsley, 2011). Does it fluctuate regularly and what effects are observed from these fluctuations. Can is sustain economic growth and what factors lead these fluctuations. The volume of projected international business identifies at what rate the firm may expand upon entry and also the risks that are involved in the

Different Perspectives On Change Within Organisations Case Study

Different Perspectives On Change Within Organisations - Case Study Example The forms of change as part of the organizational activity are not standardized; they are likely to be differentiated under the influence of the internal and external organizational environment and the business goals and vision. The different perspectives on change within organizations are critically discussed in this paper. Emphasis is given on the reasons of this phenomenon but also on the role of the members of the organization in the potential expansion of the problem. It is concluded that change, as an element of the organizational environment is unavoidable; in fact, in many cases, organizational change is quite necessary in order to enhance organizational performance. However, the development of extensive disputes in regard to the change management practices used within organizations could result in severe organizational crisis. 2. Change in modern organizations 2.1 Description of organizational change In the context of organizational environment, the term change is used in or der to describe a wide range of issues (activities and ideas); in certain cases, the above term is combined with other terms in order to make its role clear; an indicative example is term ‘consistency of change’ (Bradford et al. ...2005, p.196). Another important characteristic of organizational change is that it is likely to be promoted within each organization using different techniques; an indicative example is the ‘unfreeze-change-refreeze model’ (Holbeche 2006, p.234) which is based on the principle that in order for a plan of change to be successfully implemented within a particular organization it would be necessary to delete primarily the mechanisms which prevent the development of change within the organization, then the change can be implemented and the deleted mechanisms could be re-established – or, alternatively, new ones could be established taking into consideration the changes in the organizational operations because of the implementa tion of the relevant plan of change. At this point, reference could be made to the study of Weick and Quinn (1999) who referred to ‘the episodic change – the change which occurs at specific points of time – and the continuous change – a process which is likely to take place continuously’ (Anderson 2009, 62) – or at least, at such frequency that there can be no issue of episodic change. In terms of the time of its implementation, a plan of change needs to be carefully reviewed; this issue is highlighted in the study of Holbeche (2006) where it is noted that if changes are not introduced on time within a particular organization, i.e. immediately when relevant organizational needs are identified, then this delay would result to the need for major changes in the future (Holbeche 2006, 5); in other words, organizational changes cannot be avoided; they can be only delayed.

Compare the methods of mentoring described by Dancer (2003). Which Essay

Compare the methods of mentoring described by Dancer (2003). Which method do you consider to be more effective - Essay Example 24), comprising of three stages. On the other hand, the Five C Model has five stages somehow similarly patterned after the former model. Both models are flexible and allow the mentee to act by himself or herself with the mentor’s guidance. However, the Five C model is said to be simpler, probably because it could be applicable in more specific problems, compared to the generality of the Skilled helper model. Personally speaking, the Five C model is seen to be more effective than the Skilled Helper Model. The former is simpler to use and works in a cyclic manner. The mentee, with the mentor’s guidance, will easily go back to the challenges stage once his or her plans encounter lapses that would not achieve future goals. In the latter model, however, stages are overlapping and tend to be broad in structure compared to the other, even in the presence of a mentor. Although the Five C model is seen to be more efficient, the choice of using which model would depend on what is suitable to the mentee or situation. References Dancer, J. (2003). Mentoring in healthcare: theory in search of practice? Clinician in Management, 12, 12-31. Gopee, N. (2008). Mentoring and supervision in healthcare. Thousand oaks, CA: Sage.

The Role of the HR Function Regarding the Management of People Within Assignment - 1

The Role of the HR Function Regarding the Management of People Within an Organization - Assignment Example All of these functions fall into the domain of management. First line managers in an organization are the most directly related to the workers as compared to top managers and middle managers. Quality of work is reflected in the performance of workers that are practically involved in the work, and work at the lowest level. It is the duty of first-line managers to manage their assigned groups of such lowest level workers. First line managers check the workers’ attendance, arrange transport for them, arrange for their lunch, and such other aspects. By fulfilling their responsibility of managing workers directly involved in the work, first line managers play a cardinal role in the management of people. The Director of Human Resources ensures the implementation of all HR policies and practices within an organization. The DHR provides expert advice over several matters related to HRM that include but are not limited to managing workers’ issues, developing and implementing HR policies and practices, facilitating the hiring of talented candidates, identifying training needs and taking measures to address them. Being the Director of HR, he assumes the prime responsibility of getting the HR policies and practices implemented. The DHR gets the job done by assigning specific tasks to particular Human Resources Managers (HRM) all of which make part of the implementation process of HR policies and practices. The Human Resource Manager (HRM) is responsible for the performance of employees within an organization. The process of performance management of employees comprises planning of the goals for individual employees and establishing expectations for them, supervising employee performance, improving their job conditions, reviewing and commenting on their performance, rewarding them for display of good performance and penalizing them for display of poor performance (Vitez). All of these functions fall in the domain of performance management of  employees.

Treat and Identify Bipolar disorder Essay Example for Free

Treat and Identify Bipolar disorder Essay Thesis Statement: Bipolar Disorder is a disorder that roots from the genes and upbringing of the parents with their kids. This disorder can be brought until adulthood and greatly affects the social, emotional, psychosocial life of the concerned individual. Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the centuries, authorities have distinguished a variety of psychological disorders, each characterized by its own set of symptoms. Hippocrates devised the first system for classifying psychological disorders, which include mania or excitement, melancholia or severe depression, phrenitis or disorganized thinking. In 1883 German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin devised the first modern classification system, combining Hippocrates categories of mania and melancholia into a disorder called Manic Depression. Today Manic Depression is called Bipolar Disorder (Hirschfeld, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Biblical story describes how King Saul stripped off his clothes in public, exhibited alternating bouts of elation and severe depression, and eventually committed suicide. Though the story attributes his behavior to evil spirits, psychologists might attribute it to a Bipolar Disorder. A Bipolar disorder, is formerly called manic depression, is characterized by days or weeks of mania alternating with longer periods of major depression, typically separated by days or weeks of normal moods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mania, from the Greek term for â€Å"madness† is characterized by euphoria, hyperactivity, grandiose ideas, incoherent talkativeness, unrealistic, optimism and inflated self- esteem. Manics are sexually, physically and financially reckless. They may also overestimate their own abilities, perhaps leading them to make rush business deals or to leave a sedentary job to train for the Olympics. At some time in their lives, almost 1 percent of adults have a bipolar disorder, which is equally common in males and females (Spitzer et al., 2001). Discussion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Biopsychological Viewpoint:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Mood disorders have a biological basis, apparently influenced by heredity. Identical twins have higher concordance rates for major depression and bipolar disorder. Identical twins have the same genetic inheritance; this provides evidence of a hereditary predisposition to develop mood disorders  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Some of the evidence for a hereditary basis of bipolar disorder has been provided by a study of the Amish community in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Because the Amish have a culturally and genetically isolated community, only marrying among themselves, they provide an excellent opportunity to study the influence of heredity on psychological disorders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, there must be other mechanism for the inheritance of Bipolar Disorder because other studies of families in which Bipolar Disorder follows a hereditary pattern have failed to find a genetic marker on the eleventh chromosome. The hereditary predisposition to develop mood disorders may manifest itself by its effect on neurotransmitters. Major depression is related to abnormally low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Serotonin seems to moderate norepinephrine’s relationship to both mania and major depression. Mania is associated with a combination of low levels of serotonin and high levels of norepinephrine (American Psychiatric Association, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Psychoanalytic Viewpoint:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The traditional Psychoanalytic viewpoint holds that the loss of a parent or rejection by a parent in early childhood predisposes the person to experience depression whenever he or she suffers a personal loss, such as a job or a lover, late r in life. Because the Child feels it is unacceptable to express anger at the lost or rejecting parent, the child learns to turn anger on himself or herself, creating feelings of guilt and self- loathing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Behavioral Viewpoint:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Behavioral explanations pf depression stresses the role of learning and environmental factors. On of the most influential behavioral theories of depression is Peter Lewinsohn’s Reinforcement theory, which assumes that depressed people lack the social skills needed to gain normal social reinforcement from others and may, instead, provoked negative reactions from them. For example, depressed people stimulate less smiling, fewer statements of support, more unpleasant facial expressions, and more negative remarks from other than do nondepressed people (Wallace, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Humanistic Viewpoint:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Those who favor the Humanistic viewpoint attribute depression to the frustration of self- actualization. More specifically, depressed people suffer from incongruence between their actual self and their ideal self. The actual self is the person’ subjective appraisal of his or her own qualities. The ideal self is the person’s subjective judgment of the person he or she would like to become. If the actual self has qualities that are too distinct from those of the ideal self, the person becomes depressed (Wallace, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mania and the Bipolar Affective Disorders:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before considering the symptoms of mania, we must point out that few individuals who experience mania seem to avoid depression. Much more frequently an episode of mania is associated with one or more episodes of severe depression. Because of this, when one or more episodes of mania are manifested but no depressions have been present, the individual is still given a diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder. A presumption is made that sometime in the future a major depressive episode will occur. That such a depressive episode will always occur (Spitzer et al., 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manic Behavior:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The typical signs of Mania involve a period when an individual is unusually elated and expansive, and often irritable when frustrated. The manic mood usually fluctuates over time. Mood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The manic has been described as on a natural high. Mood is euphoric and cheerful. The person often feels that anything is possible if only one puts one’s mind to the task. Great plans are often made, and if these plans are disrupted by external frustration, the mood may change to one of anger and irritability (Wallace, 2000). Thought   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In a manic phase, the individual ha san overwhelmingly positive self – image. Belief in one owns abilities are boundless, and expectations of success are unrealistic. Failure is blamed on others, problems are denied and Manics often insist they have never felt better, thought clearer, or been more powerful. As the mania becomes more pronounced, there may be delusions of grandiosity: beliefs that one has special powers or talents. Hallucinations may occur, and usually consist of voices telling the person that he or she ha special mission or ability. Behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In manic episode, the individual’s energy seems boundless. Often only a few hours’ sleep is required per night. The individual may be very active, planning many events, taking on new duties, developing new relationships. Vacations may be started only to be broken off so that the individual can return to work. There may be buying sprees, high risk money investments, and hyper sexuality. Behaviorally, the individual appears â€Å"supercharged†. Judgment is often impaired. Dress may become bizarre, and women may apply their makeup in unusual and odd ways, using strange colors that make them appear to be wearing war paint. A notable characteristic of manic behavior is speech that is loud and rapid, as if spewing out under some internal pressure. The manic may manifest â€Å"flight of ideas,† a continuous stream of speech may become disorganized, and the individual may be extremely distractible by environmental stimuli (American Psychiatric Association, 2003). Bipolar Affective Disorders:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the mood swings of the Bipolar Disorder are mild, the behavior is called Cyclothymic Disorder. Major Bipolar Affective Disorder: In Bipolar disorder, mixed, the manic and depressive mood and behaviors alternate. The individual goes from one extreme to the other with periods of normal mood in between. It is obvious that a major feature of the bipolar disorder is the change from one mood extreme to another. III. Treatments:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biological Treatments Electroconvulsive Therapy An electric current is applied to the patient’s brain in order to reduce seizures. The manifestations of the seizures are â€Å"softened† by the use of muscle- relaxant drugs; and the patient is also given a drug which results in unconsciousness to avoid the unpleasant and often frightening experience of the treatment.   ECT appears to be effective with major depressions. It lifts depression rapidly within days or weeks. This is advantageous when there is a plan for a suicide. Although it has adverse effects like significant memory impairment, which may be long lasting and also depression may recur. Drug Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The use of chemical compounds to treat affective disorders is very common. The unipolar disorders are typically treated with drugs of the tricyclic class like antidepressants which increase the availability of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. A commonly used tricyclic drug is named Elavil. Bipolar disorders are often treated with both tricyclic and lithium, depending upon whether the individual is depressed or in a manic phase. Once the individual’s mood has been changed by the chemical, the drug may continue to be taken for maintenance purposes. When an individual manifest a bipolar affective disorder and is in a depressive episode, the anti depressant drugs are sometimes used to lift the mood, but this sometimes precipitates a manic episode. The bipolar disorder is most commonly treated today through the administration of lithium carbonate. Many studies indicate that this lithium salt is highly effective in reducing the exaggerated mood of mania in about 80 percent of the persons who take it. After having been used for mania, lithium was discovered to have some utility for the depressive episodes in bipolar disorders and in recurrent unipolar disorders (Hirschfeld, 1999). The Psychological Approaches Psychological approaches o the affective disorders, including traditional psychotherapy and the cognitive and behavioral therapies, have focused on the unipolar depressions and especially on the non psychotic depressions. Dynamic Psychotherapy Treating severe depression with psychotherapy is a difficult task. Such patients rarely have enough energy to participate actively in an interpersonal interchange with a therapist. Behavior Therapy   In spite of its high incidence, bipolar disorder has received little attention from behavioral clinicians. However, if it is due to a reduction in reinforcement, one approach to the problem would be to teach a patient to engage in activities that is more self- reinforcing. Another approach is to train the individual to behave in ways that maximize the likelihood of reinforcement. Cognitive Therapy The behavior therapies mentioned involve the modification of cognitions, for example, the belief that one is helpless to change oneself or to control the environment. It focuses on modifying the erroneous, irrational cognitions held by depressed individuals. These persons have predominately negative view of themselves: they are self- blaming, exaggerate external problems, devalue themselves, and are pessimistic about their future. Cognitive therapy intervenes with this through a variety of techniques. Therapy is structured an directive, and usually short – term. The therapists used behavioral techniques, which include planning productive activities and scheduling potentially enjoyable events, to break the mania (Wallace, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References: American Psychiatric Association, (2003). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (6th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Beck, A. T. Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers. Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Cross, C.K. (1999).   Epidemiology of effective disorders. Psychosocial risk factors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 35-46. Spitzer et al., (2001).   DSM-III case book: A learning companion to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed). Washington, DC:   American Psychiatric Association. Wallace, E., IV. (2000). What is â€Å"truth†? Some philosophical contributions to psychiatric issues. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 137-147

Plot Summary Catch Me If You Can Essay Example for Free

Plot Summary Catch Me If You Can Essay In 1963, teen-aged Frank Abagnale (Leonardo DiCaprio) lives New Rochelle, New York with his father Frank Abagnale, Sr. (Christopher Walken), and French mother Paula (Nathalie Baye). When Frank Sr. is denied a business loan at Chase Manhattan Bank due to unspecified difficulties with the IRS, the family is forced to move from their large home to a small apartment. Paula carries on an affair with Jack (James Brolin), a friend of her husband. Meanwhile, Frank poses as a substitute teacher in his French class. Franks parents file for divorce, and Frank runs away. When he runs out of money, he begins to rely on confidence scams to get by. Soon, Franks cons grow bolder and he even impersonates an airline pilot. He forges Pan Am payroll checks and succeeds in stealing over $2. 8 million. Meanwhile, Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), an FBI bank fraud agent, begins to track down Frank. Carl and Frank meet in a hotel, where Frank convinces Carl his name is Barry Allen of the Secret Service. Frank leaves, Carl angrily realizing his mistake just as it is too late. Later, at Christmas, Carl is still working when Frank calls him, attempting to apologize for duping Carl. Carl rejects his apology and tells him he will soon be caught, but laughs when he realizes Frank actually called him because he has no one else to talk to. Frank hangs up, and Carl continues to investigate, suddenly realizing (thanks to a waiter) that the name Barry Allen is from the Flash comic books and that Frank is just a teenager. Frank, meanwhile, has not only changed to becoming a doctor and a lawyer, but has fallen in love with Brenda (Amy Adams), to whom he eventually admits the truth about himself and asks her to run away with him. Carl tracks him to his engagement party where Frank has left Brenda, asking her to meet him two days later so they can elope. Frank sees her waiting for him two days later, but also sees agents in disguise. He realizes he has been set up and escapes on a flight to Europe. Seven months later, Carl shows his boss that Frank has been forging checks all over western Europe and asks permission to go to Europe to look for him. When his boss says no, Carl brings Franks checks to printing professionals who deem that the checks were printed in France. Carl remembers from an interview with Franks mother that she was born in Montrichard, France. He goes there and finds Frank, and tells him that the French police will kill him if he does not go with Carl quietly. Frank assumes he is lying at first, but Carl promises Frank he would never lie to him, and Carl takes him outside, where the French police escort him to prison. The scene then flashes forward to a plane returning Frank home from prison, where Carl informs him that his father has died. Consumed with grief, Frank escapes from the plane and goes back to his old house, where he finds his mother with the man she left his father for, as well as a girl who Frank realizes is his half-sister. Frank gives himself up and is sentenced to 12 years in prison, getting visits from time to time from Carl. When Frank points out how one of the checks Carl is carrying as evidence is fake, Carl convinces the FBI to offer Frank a deal by which he can live out the remainder of his sentence working for the bank fraud department of the FBI, which Frank accepts. While working at the FBI, Frank misses the thrill of the chase and even attempts to fly as an airline pilot again. He is cornered by Carl, who insists that Frank will return to the FBI job since no one is chasing him. On the following Monday, Carl is nervous that Frank has not yet appeared at work. However, Frank does show up and they discuss their next case. The ending credits reveal that Frank has been happily married for 26 years, has three sons, lives in the Midwest, is still good friends with Carl, has caught some of the worlds most elusive money forgers, and earns millions of dollars each year because of his work creating unforgeable checks.

Adrienne Rich and Nancy Sommers | Comparison

Adrienne Rich and Nancy Sommers | Comparison Adrienne Rich and Nancy Sommers are both women writers, that in When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision and Between the Drafts respectively, are struggling to identify themselves as writers through the revision of their own work. In both texts we can follow their travel in past through which they recognize and analyze all those things that influenced them and formed their writing style. They are both facing the same fear. They do not write as themselves. For different reasons and each with her own perspective they are trying to break free from the bond that holds them in another writers shoes. Though Rich and Sommers are both dealing with the research of their writing self and despite the similarities in their arguments and some of their conclusions their approach differs as issues of identity, gender and tradition arise. Adrienne Rich mainly bases her text on the fact that literature and poetry where created by men, whose perspective of woman became a tradition in writing. She defines revision as the act of looking back, of seeing with fresh eyes, of entering an old text from a new critical direction1. For a writer she claims that this is an act of survival. Literature until recently gave us a view of how life is, how we see ourselves or how we would like others to see us. She recognizes a pattern in the majority of texts and poems. Women are considered a luxury for a man. They are creatures of grace and beauty. Silent, yet powerful a woman is a dream and a terror2 for men, in the words of Jane Harrison. Always distant and with almost never emotional outbreaks the historically image of a woman is that of a muse, model, nurse, cook, comforter, a bearer of his seeds3. Her inevitable fate is to suffer for love. The writer sees herself as a captive of that image. For a very long time she has been writing for women, as a man would. At first, in order to please and seek acceptance from her father, to whom she owed her education, then her professor, her mentor, followed by her fellow writers and the writing community, also male dominated. Similar to Adrienne Rich, Nacny Sommers also finds herself to write in a stereotype way. However she claims her influences came from the way she was brought up and more specifically from her parents. She does not put so much weight on her gender as a writer but she rather identifies the problem as not being able to combine academic and personal writing. Like there is an authority dictating the limits of personal and academic writing which she must not cross. This sense of authority is also something she inherited from her parents. Nancy Sommers came from German Jew Family that escaped Nazi Germany in 1939, moved to the United States where the children were brought up. She mentions examples of her family life, as evidence of parental authority. Her parents, even though they were speaking German fluently, bought tapes that instructed the language to their children, instead of talking to them. A specific ritual was followed for every lesson. The chairs at the same place, strict body posture and the voice of a German professor would for Nancy Sommes parents guarantee the right way to learn. Following the same principle of the right way to do anything her parents used a guide for their travelling, following strictly the instructions given, spending no more or no less time at each venue, making no additional stops. As if they did not have a voice of their own, as if they could not choose for themselves what to do or not to do, or even how to do it. Her parents gave her the world of two options: the right way or the wrong way. So, both our writers are influenced from authority. Rich, on the one hand, from the authority of men writers in a man dominated society, and on the other hand Sommers influenced from parental authority. When Sommer as a parent herself subconsciously embraced that same principle and projected it to her own child, she found out that, contrarily to her, her daughter had a voice of her own. Nancy Sommer had disguised herself and hid behind the title Researcher, reading and revising, exploring the knowledge of other writers. But she kept herself out of her own writing, being absent from her own work. Just like her parents hid behind the tapes and the guides and excluded themselves from their lives, creating and living someone elses experiences, she hid behind the authority of a researcher and used other peoples work to justify her statements. Never once did she use her personal experiences to support her statements. Another similarity between Rich and Sommers lies within their position on the role of the writer in respect to tradition. Rich is facing artistic tradition, of the way writers write about women, their image and how she as writer is able to cop with all her roles: that of a traditional female and of a writer. As a wife and a mother Rich found it hard to find free time, to think, to question, to imagine; free time that traditionally women never have as they are mainly loaded with the duties of raising children and caring for the family. But following the traditional way of performing female duties is in direct conflict with the main element of writing: imagination. Daily duties, put aside any imaginative activity, that can be put in words. Adrienne Rich felt the conflict between these two roles. She thought herself as a writer or as a mother. The choice of either and or was later replace by and. She sought ways to embrace both parts of her life, the creative one and the maternal one. Likewise Sommers faces again tradition, yet of another kind. Academic tradition is full with either/or sentences: the students are either taught to write academic or personal essays. This tradition seems to create a certainty, an illusion of control to the academic community. Everyone knows their exact role and what they are supposed to do. But Nancy Sommers identifies the fact that students carry their own experiences, their own voices and if encouraged they could use these experiences as evidence to support their own statements, thus creating a new reflective way of writing. In both texts, tradition is questioned, whether artistic or academic as a result of a revision, a deeper look in ones writing, from a different perspective, with a fresh eye. Both writers emphasize the importance of breaking the tradition, that narrows the imagination and this might be their most important common statement. Even though they are both objecting to different kind of tradition they both have the same objective, to help writers, including them, to write for themselves, to use their own experiences and voice, to write from their point of view, breaking every stereotype of either artistic or academic writing. Rich and Sommers mention incidents of their personal and family lives. It is interesting how these specific events reflect the obedience of authority they inherited from their close environment. They follow traditional models, artistic and academic, that forces boundaries to their imagination and self expression. Rich show us how the traditional female model kept her captive in just one role, that of a mother and eliminated her fantasy, thus her writing. Sommers from the other side illustrates how her parentss sense of authority influenced her own perception of authority, this time the academic one, upon her writing. Even though both writers are of female gender their arguments and conclusions also apply to non female writers. They are both looking for way to express purely themselves in their own writing, creating their own images, with no influence of tradition artistic or academic. Using a female point of view, they have managed to reach a problematic area for all writers. Both male and female writers should be able to speak for themselves and use their imagination, freely creating texts and statements which are supported with their own experiences. As mentioned before, both writers notice that there is something missing from their writing. And that something is their own voice, their own point of view. Trapped in the tradition they learned to obey they do not use their own experiences and images in their work. Their similarity lies upon the fact that they were both raised under the influence of tradition. Even though they have a different point of view when revising their work, they come to the same conclusion mainly because the source of their conservatism is the same: obedience to authority. According to Rich, the role of a writer is to create images through words. These images influence other writers and especially women, as they seek their path reading poetry and literature, trying to find ways of expression, looking for examples. And in this effort they come across again and again with the image of Woman in books written by men. But what they do not find is a way to express their own personality in their text, rather than reflect and reproduce a flattering or not image created by another writer. I find it easy to agree with Richs statement. I have often read literature and identified myself with the woman hero of the book. I found my self to be flattered with similarities of character. Of course, in every attempt to write about my self, or to tell a story, I tend to reflect the same image of the woman I read about in my own writing. It is not that I have nothing to say for myself, rather than I find that image charming and want others to see me in this way. Still like Sommers, I am absent from most of my texts. Certainly influenced by my female gender, I tend to have a more romantic and soft approach in my writing. My class and culture are also reflected in my texts as a have no experience from anything different and thus I can not write about it. However the presence of my own experiences is limited in my writing. Mainly because I think of myself as insecure and that I do not have a strong enough statement to make. Another reason is that I find it easier, and I believe I am not the only one to do so, to talk about others than talk about myself. Talking about oneself requires painful digging to reach to self awareness. Of course the fear of revealing personal experiences to others plays its part as well, as again I do not intend to mess my traditional female image, with outbursts of anger, anxiety, passion, and obsession. Adrienne Rich: When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision, p.18 J.G. Steward, Jane Ellen Harrison: A Portrait from Letters (London 1959), p. 140 Adrienne Rich: When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision, p.19

The American Dream: Life, Liberty and Freedom Essays -- Essays on the A

The basic idea of the American Dream generally has stayed the same throughout time, although the majority of Americans seem to take the Dream for granted. The first settlers arrived to the New World in search of a treasure: life, liberty, and freedom. This treasure was and still is the American Dream. Now people from all over the world come to America in search of the same Dream; some even die trying. People were not as materialistic as people are now; they just wanted happiness. As time passed, people became more materialistic and began to take for granted what they were born with. For example, when my papa was a teenager he purchased his first car with cash. Everyone paid for almost everything they got with cash, not credit like they do today. Almost everything today revolves around having credit. Most of the richest people in our state could not go to the bank and withdraw a couple hundred thousand dollars; they would have to borrow the money based on their credit. Although, there are many people that are very misfortunate and have hardly anything, their idea of the American Dream would be much simpler than that of someone who is middle or upper class. Almost a week ago my boyfriend and I were leaving Crabtree Valley mall. It was a pretty cold and rainy day, the kind of day that we would rather be at home cuddled up on the couch watching television, but we were shopping. As we were leaving the mall we came to a stoplight. Out of the corner of my eye I saw a tiny old woman kneeling by the corner of the curve. She was holding a ragged cardboard sign that read â€Å"homeless, need food†. A doleful feeling took over my body, and I thought to myself, what would her idea of the American Dream be? Would it be to own her own home or have a fancy car, I think not. By this time, her dream would be a bit simpler. The American Dream changes from generation to generation along with technology and obstacles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With each generation that passes a whole new era arrives; one with higher demands and stresses of everyday life. The American Dream becomes more distorted and complex through time. The more we get, the more we want. What ever happened to being content and happy with what one has as long as they are healthy and safe? With each passing year people are becoming more materialistic and less grateful. My dad never had a hamburger when he wa... ...t encounter at one point or another in our life times in order to achieve our endeavors. Further, the economy is another major obstacle that we each must face. As individuals we can not control the fluctuations of the economy nor can we control the effect it has on our lives and our dreams. But we can rationalize our ideas of what the true American Dream is and be thankful for what we have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On September 11, 2001, those who do not know what it is to live a life full of life, liberty, and freedom; threatened the American Dream. By realizing this tragedy we appreciate what a fortunate nation we live in. Until the eleventh of September, no one really thought much about what it is to be American until news stories were flashing were shown in array about the freedom other countries such as the one that threatened our American Dream did not have. We really need to put the American Dream into perspective. The question comes to mind â€Å"What would the American Dream be if we did not have life, liberty and freedom?† There would be no such idea as â€Å"the American Dream†. We would be identical to almost any third world country world that does not have these rights. The American Dream: Life, Liberty and Freedom Essays -- Essays on the A The basic idea of the American Dream generally has stayed the same throughout time, although the majority of Americans seem to take the Dream for granted. The first settlers arrived to the New World in search of a treasure: life, liberty, and freedom. This treasure was and still is the American Dream. Now people from all over the world come to America in search of the same Dream; some even die trying. People were not as materialistic as people are now; they just wanted happiness. As time passed, people became more materialistic and began to take for granted what they were born with. For example, when my papa was a teenager he purchased his first car with cash. Everyone paid for almost everything they got with cash, not credit like they do today. Almost everything today revolves around having credit. Most of the richest people in our state could not go to the bank and withdraw a couple hundred thousand dollars; they would have to borrow the money based on their credit. Although, there are many people that are very misfortunate and have hardly anything, their idea of the American Dream would be much simpler than that of someone who is middle or upper class. Almost a week ago my boyfriend and I were leaving Crabtree Valley mall. It was a pretty cold and rainy day, the kind of day that we would rather be at home cuddled up on the couch watching television, but we were shopping. As we were leaving the mall we came to a stoplight. Out of the corner of my eye I saw a tiny old woman kneeling by the corner of the curve. She was holding a ragged cardboard sign that read â€Å"homeless, need food†. A doleful feeling took over my body, and I thought to myself, what would her idea of the American Dream be? Would it be to own her own home or have a fancy car, I think not. By this time, her dream would be a bit simpler. The American Dream changes from generation to generation along with technology and obstacles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With each generation that passes a whole new era arrives; one with higher demands and stresses of everyday life. The American Dream becomes more distorted and complex through time. The more we get, the more we want. What ever happened to being content and happy with what one has as long as they are healthy and safe? With each passing year people are becoming more materialistic and less grateful. My dad never had a hamburger when he wa... ...t encounter at one point or another in our life times in order to achieve our endeavors. Further, the economy is another major obstacle that we each must face. As individuals we can not control the fluctuations of the economy nor can we control the effect it has on our lives and our dreams. But we can rationalize our ideas of what the true American Dream is and be thankful for what we have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On September 11, 2001, those who do not know what it is to live a life full of life, liberty, and freedom; threatened the American Dream. By realizing this tragedy we appreciate what a fortunate nation we live in. Until the eleventh of September, no one really thought much about what it is to be American until news stories were flashing were shown in array about the freedom other countries such as the one that threatened our American Dream did not have. We really need to put the American Dream into perspective. The question comes to mind â€Å"What would the American Dream be if we did not have life, liberty and freedom?† There would be no such idea as â€Å"the American Dream†. We would be identical to almost any third world country world that does not have these rights.

Essay --

2.1. Role of Demographics in Plastic Card Usage However, much of the literature has been focussing on demographic factors as significant variables in selection and usage of payment mode. In Singapore, Gan and Maysami (2006) found that credit card selection is based on the convenience, economic, and protection. On the other hand, factors like travel convenience and reputation of the card are less important in credit card selection in Singapore. By analyzing the demographic factors, researcher found that the people with better education and high income give less importance to economic-promotional factor while choosing the credit card. Old age and married people give more weightage to convenience protection, while Singaporean males give more value economic factor and females give value to promotion. Additionally, other researchers have examined the effect of demographic variables on the adoption of alternative payment options. Borzekowski, Kiser and Ahmed (2006) analyzed data from 800 individuals, and found that debit card usage is d ecreased with age and increased with education. Moreover, the usage is more common in women than men. In addition to this, research also revealed that individuals have a tendency to increase the usage of debit cards when they expect financial stress in the future. A study, based on Krishnagari India, found that issuance of credit card has increased during past five years and majority of sampled credit card holders have positive attitude toward the credit cards. Reasons for this positive attitude are availability of funds in emergency through credit card and shopping without paying cash. Demographic variables that significantly affect the attitude of credit card holders are family income of credit card hol... ...rnational students owe on all their credit cards, whereas, it does have significant positive impact on number of credit cards international students have. Moreover, country of origin does not have significant effect on credit card ownership or number of credit cards, but it does have effect on outstanding balances international students owe on all their credit cards. Also, Themba and Tumedi (2012) focused on the credit card ownership and usage in Botswana, and their association with demographics and attitude towards debt. The consequences of the study discovered that those who own more cards are more likely not to pay their outstanding balances in full. Results also showed that only age and gender seem to be significantly related to attitude towards debt where the youth and females are more likely than other demographic groups to have negative attitude towards debt.

Comparing Spiritual Growth in Gardeners Grendel and Hesses Siddhartha

Spiritual Growth in Gardener's Grendel and Hesse's Siddhartha      Ã‚   A mythical beast who finds meaning in killing and a questioning wanderer who cannot find meaning in being: both John Gardener's Grendel and Hermann Hesse's Siddhartha grow and develop spiritually, yet their authors use vastly different styles to convey these changes.    John Gardner's revolutionary style is not encompassed by a single genre; instead, he mixes first-person narrative and several different literary styles to give the "Ruiner of Meadhalls" a unique voice. The use of first-person narrative is essential to convey Grendel's spiritual growth. Were it not for Grendel's often self-deprecatory tone, which varies from mocking - "big shaggy monster intense and earnest, bent like a priest at his prayers" (72) - to bitter and cynical - "I, Grendel, was the dark side. The terrible race that God cursed" (51) - Grendel would be impossible to relate to. Even Grendel's bouts of insanity - (whispering, whispering. Grendel has it occurred to you my dear that you are crazy?)" are easily understood.    Grendel varies from the simple, childish tone of "'Why can't I have someone to talk to? The Shaper has people to talk to'" (53) to the dense philosophical metaphors and complex diction of Grendel's conversation with the dragon. Gardener gives Grendel a purposefully guileless voice to illustrate both the monster's feelings of lost youth as well as his progression into a more sentient being.    "I think I was half prepared, in my dark, demented state, to see God, bearded and gray as geometry, scowling down at me, shaking his bloodless finger. (53)    The nihilistic dragon disagrees with Grendel's humanization, regarding men scornfully a... ...orld, not to despise it, not for us to hate each other, but to be able to regard the world and ourselves and all beings with love, admiration, and respect.' (147)    Siddhartha progresses from an aloof and slightly arrogant youth, not unlike young Grendel, to a wise, satisfied man.    The central difference between John Gardener's Grendel and Hermann Hesse's Siddhartha, both stories of spiritual growth and development, is not thematic. Instead, vast differences in tone and language make the self-deprecating monster easy to empathize with and the soul-searching wanderer simple and detached. Despite their stylistic differences, both works stand alone as examples of philosophical and spiritual evolution.    Works Cited   Gardner, John. Grendel. 1971; rpt. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Hesse, Herman. Siddhartha. Dover Publications, 1998.   

The Stress Encountered by a Police Officers

There has been a lot of research on the negative effects of stress on people in general. I am sure you know that police work is one of the top rated professions for job stress next to air traffic controllers and dentists. A good way to start this presentation, I think, is to give a good working definition of police stress. Here it is: The feeling and desire along with the ensuing bodily effects, experienced by a person who has a strong and true longing to choke the living crap out of someone who desperately deserves it, but you can't. Now, while this may sound funny there is a real element of truth to it. An element of truth that says an awful lot about police work. And that is the part of the definition â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦but you can't†. Police work, by it's very nature, calls for an incredible amount of restraint. Continual restraint and draining restraint. It is stressful. The demands on police officers to show even greater restraint have been increasing over the years, and so has the effects of stress on police work. With the recent attention that police suicide has received in the media there have been a number of reviews on it. Between 1934 and 1960 police suicide rates were half that of the general population. Between 1980 to the present, suicide rates in some departments almost doubled. What is the difference? You can't choke them anymore! Street justice is all but gone. Everyone has video cameras. The media gets off on putting down cops. Politicians continue to throw new laws and restrictions for police officers that further tie their hands, and you can't choke anyone with your hands tied! So you start to feel that you're choking yourself. Lets take a quick overview of police work and look at the research of what the biggest stressors are:  · Killing someone in the line of duty.  · Having your partner killed in the line of duty.  · Lack of support by the department/bosses.  · Shift work and disruption of family time/family rituals.  · The daily grind of dealing with the stupidity of the public. Interestingly, physical danger is ranked low on the list of stressors by police officers. One of the worst effects of stress on police officers is of course suicide. We are becoming too familiar with police suicide, especially with the attention the media has given New York City. Twice as many police officers die by their own hand as do in the line of duty. (New York Times, 1994) A study of 2376 Buffalo NY police officers found that, compared to the white male population police officers, there were higher mortality rates for cancer, suicide, and heart disease. The suggested reason: Higher stress levels. Every study done points to the higher levels of stress police officers face, but what form does that stress take? With suicide there seem to be four factors: 1. Divorce. 2. Alcohol, not alcoholism. That was one of the early theories. But in actuality it was the use of alcohol right before the act to â€Å"get up the nerve†. 3. Depression. 4. A failure to get help. (Most officers who commit suicide have no history of having sought counseling). All four factors are symptoms that can come from an officer's stress levels. Police suicide is more directly related to relationship problems than to job stress. Of the last 14 suicides among the police officers in New York City, 12, or 86%, had to do with divorce or relationship breakup. Suicide is often an impulsive act, and the handgun at the officer's side is guaranteed to be lethal in the hands of an experienced shooter. UB professor, John M. Violanti, Ph.D thinks the biggest reason for the high rate of police suicide is because officers think they have nowhere to go for confidential help when personal problems or job stress overwhelms them. â€Å"Police officers are more hesitant than the average citizen to get help for emotional problems. Because of their role, they mistrust many things, and they especially mistrust mental health professionals,† Violanti said. â€Å"Departments should include some sort of suicide awareness training in their stress management program.† Police officers going through a divorce are 5 times more likely to commit suicide than that of an officer in a stable marriage. Relationship problems however, are highly related to job stress. If we consider that officers have an important relationship with their department, we can examine the effect of that relationship gone bad. Officers who get in serious trouble on the job, suspended or facing termination, are 7 times more likely to commit suicide. (Apparently cops like their jobs better than their wives). So we see that stress has an enormous effect on police officers lives, especially their home lives. Studies have called police work a â€Å"high risk lifestyle†. Not high risk in terms of the physical dangers of the job, but a high risk in terms of developing attitudinal problems, behavioral problems, and intimacy and relationship problems. So you learn something about the effects of police work. You learn if you ask the average cop â€Å"Hey, what's been the scariest experience during your police career?† They will answer â€Å"My first marriage!† The national divorce rate is 50%. All research shows police suffer a substantially higher divorce rate with estimates ranging from 60 to 75%. One of the casualties of police work is often the marriage. Although law enforcement officers deal with stressful situations in the normal course of their duties, excessive stress on individual officers may cause them not to carry out their responsibilities. In order to keep law enforcement organizations at 100%, administrators must be able to identify the causes of dysfunctional stress on individual officers. Much of the articles we find today on the causes of law enforcement stress, focus primarily on the factors that are personal to the individual officer. However, other researchers suggest that an officer's ability to live with this stress is hindered by the structure and operation of the organization within which he or she works. â€Å"Police stress† is considered by many to be an important societal problem (Cullen, et al., 1985), and police work is thought of as stressful (Kelling and Pate, 1975). Law enforcement officers must be aware of the dangers of psychological stress. Stress is the result of â€Å"demands placed on the system† and need not be harmful unless it is â€Å"mismanaged† or â€Å"present in large quantities.† However, some analysts say that occupational and life stress can cause mental and even physical problems. For example, one study of 2,300 officers in twenty-nine different police departments reported that thirty-six percent of the officers had serious marital problems, twenty-three percent had serious alcohol problems, twenty percent had serious problems with their children, and ten percent had drug problems. (Kendrix, 1989) Yet, police were well below the average in seeking [medical and] mental treatment. The â€Å"macho† image of a police officer may well keep a police officer from seeking such treatment. Law enforcement officers have significantly higher rates of health problems, premature deaths, suicides and general hospital admissions than other occupations (Richard and Fell, 1975). Law enforcement stress has been categorized into three sections. These are: 1) stress that is internal to the law enforcement system; 2) stress that is in the law enforcement job itself; and 3) stress that is external to law enforcement. Stress internal to the job may be found when police and correctional officers find themselves with conflicting roles. Police spend much of their time in activities not directly related to law enforcement functions, while correction officers are placed in both the role of providing â€Å"custody [and] treatment.† Law enforcement officers can develop personal conflicts by being placed in the position of having to choose between one or more contradictory goals. Such contradictions include the loyalty to fellow officers and honesty within the department. Post Traumatic Stress is a type of stress encountered at incidents that are, or perceived as, capable of causing serious injury or death. The person encountering the stress does not have to be the one whose life is threatened. This stress can also occur to witnesses. By it's nature, Post Traumatic Stress is one of the worst types of stress a person can encounter. It is stress of a nature that is threatening to a person's survival. The psychological and physical reactions of our mind and body to Post Traumatic Stress are at the extremes. Examples of life threatening traumas that can cause Post Traumatic Stress, in their general order of severity, include: natural disasters, serious accidents, serious accidents where a person is at fault, intentional life threatening violence by another person, life threatening trauma caused by betrayal by a trusted individual, and life threatening trauma caused by betrayal by someone you depend on for survival. Police officers, by the nature of their jobs, can be exposed to more stress and trauma in one day than many people will experience in a considerable period of time, maybe even their entire life. Some police officers thrive on stress. They seek out incidents that most people would not care to encounter in their lifetime. Many people seek out a job in police work for this challenge and the personal rewards it provides. Overcoming stress of great magnitude can provide great personal rewards, but these jobs can and do ruin many lives. Dr. George Everly, a noted researcher on emergency services stress, estimates that at any given time15-32% of all emergency responders will be dealing with a reaction to Post Traumatic Stress, and there is a 30-64% chance that they will have a reaction to it during their lifetime. For law enforcement working in urban areas, 20-30% of the officers will develop a reaction to Post Trauma Stress during their lifetimes. These figures are higher than the percentages for the general population (1-3%), urban adolescents (9-15%), and, surprisingly, Vietnam Veterans (15-20%). For a variety of reasons, some of which are not known, many police officers work through Post Traumatic Stress and its affects. The impact of Post Traumatic Stress on their lives is short-lived (if they suffer from it at all). In the Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), this is defined as Acute Stress Disorder. It lasts more than two days, but no longer than 4 weeks. There are those, however, that will not be able to cope with the Post Traumatic Stress they have encountered. They may have handled many traumatic incidents without a problem, until one happens that breaks through their ability to cope. These officers will develop what is known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is Acute Stress Disorder that lasts more than 4 weeks. In their book on â€Å"Emergency Services Stress†, Dr. Jeff Mitchell and Dr. Grady Bray estimate that without proper Post Trauma Stress training, response, and follow-up, roughly 4% of all emergency workers will develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. These figures do not include those who will develop a reaction to accumulative stress, which can have affects similar to, and additive to, Post Traumatic Stress. They also do not include police officers who grew up in an urban environment and are Vietnam Veterans, of which there are more than a few. These figures also do not separate out those working patrol or traffic duties from those working specialty assignments (narcotics, vice, metro teams) from those working investigative or â€Å"inside† jobs. Uniformed assignments and certain specialty assignments place officers in positions that they will be more likely to encounter traumatic stress.

Comparrative Essay of Cooking Programs Essay

Nigella Bites And surfboard the Menu be two grooming platforms that sh atomic number 18 the same end effect of delicious foods, but be in truth different in the contrasting aspects of genial context, form and purpose which all back up to reflect the cooking styles and person-to-personities of their hosts. The atmosphere and contents of both(prenominal) immortalises generally appeal to the earshots of a different social status and/or age group. Set in Britain, the broadcast Nigella Bites appeals to an audience who belong to to a greater extent of a winter climate.Each episode is formatted as a very(prenominal) satisfied and inviting kin movie, using amateur camera written report making it look much(prenominal) than personal and family orientated. The show is filmed in Nigellas feature house and kitchen allowing her audience to shade welcomed. Images and visuals of illustrated foods and vibrant pink colours atomic number 18 shown through come in the fountain cr edits with pick out music movely flowing in the background. Many of her episodes begin with the view of a freezing British winter sidereal day/night and and then(prenominal) follow onto Nigella beingness in the warmth of her own home. glide the Menu is a travelogue formatted chopineme set in Australia which promotes different towns and locations about the country in apiece episode. on with catching/acquiring their own ingredients earlier cooking their meals, the hosts Curtis Stone and Ben ODonoghue aka curvature also make sure to interact with the culture of to each one(prenominal) location they interject in, making the Programme very relaxed as well as educational to the viewers. The opening credits consist of a consort of photo shots and bright colours that go with the themes of the tourism and the outdoors.While the boys are change of location cameras makes sure to capture different angles and views of the scenery, including ethereal views of the land approx imately them. The atmosphere for each show is evidently contrasted Nigella Bites is more of a matured cooking programme compared to the festal attitude of surfboarding the Menu. some(prenominal) shows have very different out(prenominal) climates which appeal to different audiences Nigella pursues the comforts of the indoor(prenominal) warmth compared to the blistering tatty of its winters outside.This tends to take up those who like to spend their eon intimate during the cold/wet days, much(prenominal) as women and mothers living in a winter climate wanting to create more wholesome and warm meals for their friends and families. Nigella showcases a event social lifestyle that represents the enjoyment knotted in cooking and preparing meals for the ones that are businesslike to her. surfing the Menu however attracts, and is more of a target to those who are more outgoing, young and interested in the be of Australias summer cultures.Both multinational and Australians view ers are drawn in by the advertised beauty of the scenery captured during each episode because of all the multicultural nature and Australian cuisine involved, publicize tourism within the country. Nigella is portrayed as a very family orientated and spare person who forever enjoys her food and jazzs to cook. She has a proper upper-class British idiom and verbalizes in a husky, somewhat sexy voice.Nigella is currently in her late thirty-something and is seen as very sophisticated to her viewers, ordinarily she cooks on her own but formerly her meal is cooked and ready she shows her serving and share the meals with her children and/or all of her family and friends. The way that she tells her ingredients and recipes along with the terminology she uses such as stunning, simply beautiful and absolutely beautiful makes it sound as if she is in pick out with what she is making, the endearment and emphasis she puts in makes her so presumptive and intriguing.Nigella tends to mainly use informal measurements and verbs to describe what she is doing which remind you of how a mother imagine would teach you how to cook. Ben and Curtis on the other fall out are completely different to Nigella, usual Aussie blokes is what they are stereotyped as. Both in their mid-twenties, always wearing informal and comfortable beach clothing and using a lot of Australian slang such as Mate and Chuck it on the barbie the boys give score a very relaxed and casual feeling to their viewers.The meals that Nigella fakes are unplumbed winter foods which are more time consuming but are everlasting(a) for those who have the time and love to cook. The glide the Menu recipes on the other pass are light summer foods that are quick and easy to prepare. Nigella makes sure her cupboards are full of all the different ingredients that she uses and she then gives her viewers an insight of the different things that she likes to always make sure she has stocked, what they can be used for and why they come in handy for her to have around.Curtis and Ben use ingredients that are imported into the local stores such as stir-fry noodles that they cook on an Australian barbeque, along with many other ingredients that they go out and personally collect from the local provoke or catch on their own in each episode. As well as collecting their own ingredients from each place they visit, each meal they prepare always relates to the location theyre in making the programme even more entertaining and educational.Typical cooking program camera techniques are used throughout both programs Nigella Bites and Surfing the Menu these techniques involve close-ups on the hands on execution with the food grooming, and snap shots throughout the shows that are used to cut out the un-necessary preparation time and skip straight to the cooking, then to the completed meals. To show their personalities and connect with their audience both of the programmes hosts make sure to speak and loo k directly towards/into the camera whenever possible.Surfing the Menu also uses aerial shots during the cable car travels to capture the different scenery around them. Highlighted sounds of the cooking appliances and food being vigilant are accompanied by well-heeled music underneath throughout each episode in both Nigella Bites and Surfing the Menu to draw more wariness to what they are doing. The contrasting features between both Nigella Bites and Surfing the Menu such as social context, form, purpose, audiences and the atmosphere differ collect to the personalities and cooking styles of their hosts.Nigellas show expresses her love for warm homely meals and cooking for her family and friends during the cold British winters and the programme is filmed as a home movie style, which gives off an inviting comfortable feel to her audience. Curtis and Bens show however, reflects on the adventures and experiences of local cultures during the warm Australian summer days and is filmed as a travelogue. Both of the programmes hosts have very similar camera etiquettes and happy/warm, engaging mannerisms.

Evolution of the Human Hearing Essay

evolution of the benevolent H auricula atriiingIntroductionThe homosexual spindle has deuce major functions ensuring personify sense of balance and sound l headnion. The equilibrize mechanism seems to con comprise evolved spikelier than the hearing mechanism. too soon developing vertebrates had balancing organs, but they make believe no cochlea. A honourable example is angle. The basic function of the human ear is to sense sound. Sound is a compression of wave, which motivitys via a medium. For vertebrates, the medium perceived is air. Sound waves can travel through other mediums, such as piss or ground. Hearing is a result of chill of the surrounding medium that resonates parts of the body. The resonance is past transformed into electrical signals such that they can be interpreted by the human ear. The way human beings recognize sound has undergone changes since the discovery of the ear.Land vertebrates, birds, reptiles and mammals evolved in the beginning from amphibians, specific exclusivelyy the primitive seek. The formation of the national(a) ear started during the Devonian Period. There has been a debate whether the askance pedigree structure, a sensory(prenominal) agreement used to detect variations in pressure in amphibians, developed into the inner ear. Most scientists and researchers agree that the ear evolved from this lateral system. The lateral system is found beneath the skin of fish. It is a series of grooves and depressions with a group of whisker cells, which lets the fish to adapt to variations in eddies and currents.According to (Duane, 1981) primitive fish possessed a simple sensory organ. The grooves evolved into the obscure inner ear in vertebrates. The nerves cells in the human ear are adaptations of the earlier hair cells. In the course of evolution, a fish establish more amphibious. Fin entirelyy, it evolved into a trim down animal, which required a new sensory system to detect differences in air pressur e. This was a way of improving their survival rates, such as danger recognition. According to (Clark, 2003) the Eustachian thermionic valve and the warmheartedness ear evolved from the respiratory mechanism of the fish, tour the inner ear evolves from jaws. With time, the inner ear changed and developed. The part of the inner ear creditworthy for body balance evolved to the membrane of the oval window. The oval window is responsible for transmitting variations in air pressure. As this happened, the inner ear was growing bigger and bigger. In the fish, a tiny swell emerged in the vestibular of the ear. As the evolution progressed, the bulge evolved into a spiraled cochlea. This is what forms the hearing system of vertebrates. Gradually, fish evolved into amniotes, which are fully terrestrial vertebrates. Early amniotes did not have eardrums. According to (Gangestad, 2000) eardrums evolved six generation in primitive amphibians, in anurans, in sysnapis, in diapsids (lizards, dino saurs, and bids), in anapsids (turtles and its relatives), in reptiliomorphs and in temsnospondyls.According to paleontologists, our earliest ancestors breathed through their ears. According to (Gangestad, 2000) tubes that form the middle ear developed from gill-like structures that allowed sea creatures to breathe from bum of their heads. Another call for was done by ( Anthwal, 2012) which desire to examine 370-million-year old dodos, Panderichthyts. This is an immediate species amid the amniotes and fish. The think reveals that Panderichthys had tiny fancy ups in its skull that appeared similar to the beforehand(predicate) analogues of the gill system and the ear canals. The battlefield suggests the canals are the ones which developed into true ears. This occurred after Panderichtyss ancestors had plough air breathers, freeing up their former gills structures for sensory functions.The study plays a critical role in understanding the evolution of the human ear. Our abili ty to ear relies on structures, which started as a gill first step in a fish, the study reveals. Human and all other vertebrates have special bones in the ear responsible for hearing. Ancient fish relied on the same structures to breath piece in water. The study further argues that the human ear into a interlinking structure after animals established themselves on land. To die valid conclusions, the study compared the fossil with its close cousin of the first land animals. In another fossil, Eustenopteron, a discovery of a small bone called hyomandibula was made. The bone later on developed a bend and blocked the gill opening. Furthermore, in early land animals like tetrapods Acanthostega, the bone receded, forming a larger opening. This is without delay a part of the middle ear in all vertebrates, including humans. A close study of the Panderichthys fossil offers scientists a crucial missing link between the ears and fish gill openings. According to (Anthwal, 2102) the chara cteristics are such(prenominal) more like those of tetrapods there is no eternal kink but the spiracle is widened and opened up. He found out that the hydomandibula is shorter, but rod-like in Eustenopteron.Another study of a hominid that was discovered in southern Africa confirms that the human ear has undergone some(prenominal) changes. The fossil go out 1.9 million years was found to have several bones which are found on the new-fashioned human ear. However, the bones were not exactly the same. trey ear bones were identified. The pound appeared to be human-like while the stapes and the incus appeared to resemble those of Chimpanzees. The study asserts that since the malleus of our early ancestors looks similar to ours, the changes of the bone must have occurred during our evolutionary history. The discovery is important in two ways. First, it suggests that ear ossicles are adult-sized and fully-formed at birth, but do not change in our lifetime. Second, the bones build t hat the hearing ability of ancient creatures was very divers(prenominal) from that of modern humans. This is not necessarily, better or worse. merely certainly, the hearing capableness was different (Texas University, 2013).Following the raillery presented above, it can be noted that the human ear underwent several stages of evolution. The studies presented above clearly shows that the hearing capability of ancient creatures was different from that of modern humans. In appurtenance to this, it can be noted that the human ear evolved from a simple gill structure all through jaw bones of a reptile. The interest diagram summarizes our discussion.Diagram Adapted from http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05ReferencesAnthwal N. (2012). Evolution of the mammalian middle ear and jaw adaptations and refreshful structures. Journal of Anatomy 221 (1) 196.Clark, A. G. (2003). Inferring nonneutral evolution from human-chimp-mouse orthologous gene trios. Science, 302(56 52), 1960-1963.Duane T. Gish, The Mammal-like Reptiles, Impact, no. 102, December 1981.Gangestad, S. W. (2000). The evolution of human conjunction Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and brain sciences, 23(04), 573-587.Texas A&M University. (2013, May 13). Prehistoric ear bones could forget to evolutionary answers. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 22, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130513174048.htmSource document